Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), or body dysmorphia, is a mental health condition where a person spends a lot of time worrying about flaws in their appearance. These flaws are often unnoticeable to others.
People of any age can have BDD, but it's most common in teenagers and young adults. It affects both men and women.
拥有BDD并不意味着您徒劳无功。这可能会非常沮丧，对您的生活产生重大影响。
身体畸形疾病（BDD）的症状
如果您可以：您可能患有BDD：
- 担心身体的特定区域（尤其是脸部）
- spend a lot of time comparing your looks with other people's
- 经常看镜子或完全避免镜子
- go to a lot of effort to conceal flaws – for example, by spending a long time combing your hair, applying make-up or choosing clothes
- pick at your skin to make it "smooth"
BDD会严重影响您的日常生活，包括您的工作，社交生活和人际关系。
获得身体畸形障碍的帮助（BDD）
You should see a GP if you think you might have BDD.
They'll probably ask a number of questions about your symptoms and how they affect your life.
他们可能还会问您是否对伤害自己有任何想法。
You may be treated by the GP, or they may refer you to a mental health specialist for further assessment and treatment.
It can be very difficult to seek help for BDD, but it's important to remember that you have nothing to feel ashamed or embarrassed about.
Getting help is important because your symptoms probably will not go away without treatment and may get worse.
您也可以直接将自己转介到NHS心理疗法服务（IAPT）的情况下，而无需转介GP。
身体畸形疾病的治疗（BDD）
The symptoms of BDD can get better with treatment.
If your symptoms are relatively mild, you should be referred for a type of talking therapy called认知行为疗法（CBT）, which you have either on your own or in a group.
如果您患有中度症状，则应提供CBT或一种称为A的抗抑郁药selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).
如果您的症状更严重，或者其他治疗方法不起作用，则应将CBT与SSRI一起提供。
认知行为疗法（CBT）
CBT can help you manage your BDD symptoms by changing the way you think and behave.
It helps you learn what triggers your symptoms, and teaches you different ways of thinking about and dealing with your habits.
You and your therapist will agree on goals for the therapy and work together to try to reach them.
用于治疗BDD的CBT通常包括一种称为暴露和预防反应的技术（ERP）。
This involves gradually facing situations that would normally make you think obsessively about your appearance and feel anxious.
您的治疗师将帮助您找到其他在这种情况下处理自己的感受的方法，以便随着时间的流逝，您将能够在不感到自我意识或恐惧的情况下处理它们。
You may also be given some self-help information to read at home and your CBT might involve group work, depending on your symptoms.
儿童和年轻人的CBT通常也会参与其家庭成员或护理人员。
选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂（SSRIS）
SSRI是一种antidepressant.
There are a number of different SSRIs, butfluoxetineis most commonly used to treat BDD.
It may take up to 12 weeks for SSRIs to have an effect on your BDD symptoms.
If they work for you, you'll probably be asked to keep taking them for several months to improve your symptoms further and stop them coming back.
There are some commonside effects of taking SSRIs，但是这些通常会在几周内通过。
Your doctor will keep a close eye on you over the first few weeks. It's important to tell them if you're feeling particularly anxious or emotional, or are having thoughts of harming yourself.
If you've not had symptoms for 6 to 12 months, you'll probably be taken off SSRIs.
This will be done by slowly reducing your dose over time to help make sure your symptoms do not come back (relapse) and to avoid any side effects of coming off the drug (withdrawal symptoms), such as anxiety.
Adults younger than 30 will need to be carefully monitored when taking SSRIs as they may have a higher chance of developing suicidal thoughts or trying to hurt themselves in the early stages of treatment.
Children and young people may be offered an SSRI if they're having severe symptoms of BDD.
Medicine should only be suggested after they have seen a psychiatrist and been offered therapy.
进一步治疗
If treatment with both CBT and an SSRI has not improved your BDD symptoms after 12 weeks, you may be prescribed a different type of SSRI or another antidepressant called clomipramine.
If you do not see any improvements in your symptoms, you may be referred to a mental health clinic or hospital that specialises in BDD, such as the National OCD/BDD Service in London.
These services will probably do a more in-depth assessment of your BDD.
They may offer you more CBT or a different kind of therapy, as well as a different kind of antidepressant.
Causes of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
It's not known exactly what causes BDD, but it might be associated with:
- 遗传学 - 如果您患有BDD，强迫症（OCD）或抑郁症的亲戚，您可能更有可能发展BDD
- 大脑的化学失衡
- a traumatic experience in the past – you may be more likely to develop BDD if you were teased, bullied or abused when you were a child
有些患有BDD的人也有另一个心理健康状况，例如新利 首页强迫症,generalised anxiety disorder或一个eating disorder.
Things you can do to help with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
Support groups for BDD
有些人可能会发现与支持小组联系或加入支持小组的信息，建议和实用技巧很有帮助。
You can ask your doctor if there are any groups in your area, and theBDD基金会有个directory of local and online BDD support groups.
您可能还会发现以下组织是信息和建议的有用来源：
精神健康
练习mindfulnessexercises may help you if you're feeling low or anxious.
Some people also find it helpful to get together with friends or family, or to try doing something new to improve their mental wellbeing.
尝试一些放松和breathing exercisesto relieve stress and anxiety.