Cardiomyopathy

心肌病是心肌疾病的一般术语，其中心脏腔室的壁已经伸展，增厚或僵硬。这会影响心脏在身体周围抽血的能力。

The abnormal heart muscle seen in cardiomyopathy is not caused by blocked arteries in the heart (coronary artery disease),高血压（高血压）, disease of the heart valves (valvular disease) orcongenital heart disease.

Most types of cardiomyopathy are inherited and are seen in children and younger people.

Dilated cardiomyopathy

在扩张的心肌病中，心脏的肌肉壁变得伸展而薄，因此它们无法正确挤压（收缩）以泵送身体。

有多严重？

If you have dilated cardiomyopathy, you're at greater risk of心脏衰竭, where the heart fails to pump enough blood around the body at the right pressure.

Heart failure typically causes shortness of breath, extreme tiredness and ankle swelling. Learn more about thesymptoms of heart failure.

还有心脏瓣膜问题，不规则的心跳和血液凝块的风险。您需要定期预约GP，以便可以监控该病情。

Who's affected?

Dilated cardiomyopathy can affect both children and adults.

The following can all play a role in the condition:

• 继承改变（突变的）基因，使您更容易受到这种状况
• an underlying medical condition
• 不受控制high blood pressure
• 一种不健康的生活方式，例如饮食中缺乏维生素和矿物质，喝太多酒精并使用休闲药
• 导致心肌发炎的病毒感染
• a heart valve problem
• a disease of the tissues or blood vessels – such asgranulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA),sarcoidosis,amyloidosis,狼疮，多动性结节，血管炎或muscular dystrophy
  • 怀孕 - 心肌病有时会因怀孕的并发症而发展

但是对于许多人来说，原因是未知的。

More information

Read the British Heart Foundation and Cardiomyopathy UK's与扩张心肌病生活的小册子.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

在肥厚的心肌病中，心肌细胞增大，心腔室的壁变厚。

The heart chambers are reduced in size so they cannot hold much blood, and the walls cannot relax properly and may stiffen. Also, the flow of blood through the heart may be obstructed.

有多严重？

In most cases, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy will not have an impact on daily life. Some people do not have any symptoms and do not need treatment.

But that does not mean the condition cannot be serious. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common cause of sudden unexpected death in childhood and in young athletes.

主心房会变得僵硬，导致较小的收集室的背压。这有时会恶化心力衰竭的症状，并导致abnormal heart rhythms (atrial fibrillation).

Blood flow from the heart may be reduced or restricted (called obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy).

同样，二尖瓣心瓣会泄漏，导致血液向后泄漏。了解更多有关mitral regurgitation.

You'll also be at greater risk of developing a heart infection(endocarditis).

这些心脏变化会导致头晕，胸痛，呼吸急促和意识暂时丧失。

If you have severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, you'll need to see your doctor regularly so your condition can be monitored.

您的医生会建议您可以进行的锻炼水平和数量，并建议您改变生活方式。

Who's affected?

肥厚的心肌病被认为会影响英国500人中的1人。大多数人从父母那里继承了这种疾病。

More information

Read the British Heart Foundation and Cardiomyopathy UK's与肥厚性心肌病生活的小册子.

限制性心肌病

限制性心肌病很少。尽管它可以在任何年龄发展，但最常被诊断出在儿童中。主心房的墙壁变得僵硬，僵硬，收缩后无法正确放松。这意味着心脏无法充分充满血液。

It results in reduced blood flow from the heart and can lead tosymptoms of heart failure, such as breathlessness, tiredness and ankle swelling, as well as heart rhythm problems.

In many cases the cause is unknown, although sometimes the condition can be inherited.

More information

了解更多有关restrictive cardiomyopathy来自英国心肌病。

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

In arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), the proteins that usually hold the heart muscle cells together are abnormal. Muscle cells can die and the dead muscle tissue is replaced with fatty and fibrous scar tissue.

The walls of the main heart chambers become thin and stretched and cannot pump blood around the body properly.

患有ARVC的人通常会有心律问题。从心脏流量减少也可能导致symptoms of heart failure.

ARVC是由一个或多个基因中的变化（突变）引起的遗传条件。它会影响青少年或年轻人，这是年轻运动员突然无法解释的死亡的原因。

越来越多的证据表明，延长，剧烈运动会使ARVC的症状恶化。重要的是，有ARVC风险或有风险的人与心脏专家（心脏病专家）详细讨论这一点。

More information

找出有关ARVC的更多信息来自英国心肌病。

诊断心肌病

在各种心脏扫描和测试之后，可以诊断出某些心肌病病例，例如：

• electrocardiogram (ECG)
• 超声心动图
• 核磁共振成像扫描
• heart rhythm monitor (24 or 48-hour ECG monitor)
• 运动测试
• a detailed family tree drawn by specialists may be required for the diagnosis of a cardiomyopathy

If you've been diagnosed with an inherited type of cardiomyopathy, you may be advised to have agenetic testto identify the faulty gene (mutation) that caused this.

Your relatives can then be tested for the same mutation and, if they have it, their condition can be monitored and managed early.

Treating cardiomyopathy

通常无法治愈心肌病，但是治疗可以有效控制症状和预防并发症。某些类型的心肌病具有特定的治疗方法，并且早期诊断非常重要。

Not everyone with cardiomyopathy will need treatment. Some people only have a mild form of the condition they can control after making a few lifestyle changes.

Lifestyle changes

Whether the cause of cardiomyopathy is genetic or not, it should generally help to:

• eat ahealthy diet并保持温柔exercise
• quit smoking(if you smoke)
• lose weight（如果你超重）
• 避免或reduce your intake of alcohol
• get plenty ofsleep（以及诊断和治疗任何基础sleep apnoea)
• 管理stress
• 确保任何潜在的疾病，例如糖尿病，都可以很好地控制

Medicines

Medicines may be needed to control blood pressure, correct an abnormal heart rhythm, remove excess fluid or prevent blood clots.

了解更多有关：

• 高血压治疗
• β受体阻滞剂to treat an irregular heartbeat or heart failure
• diuretics– a type of treatment for high blood pressure to remove excess fluid from your body, if that is causing swelling
• anticoagulantssuch as华法林to prevent blood clots
• medicines to treat heart failure

医院程序

In some people with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the wall dividing the left and right side of the heart (septum) is thickened and bulges into the main heart chamber. They may need to have either:

• an injection of alcohol into their heart – this is to reduce part of the muscle in the septum
• 间隔肌切除术 - 心脏手术以去除部分增厚的隔膜（如有必要，可以同时修复二尖瓣）

患有心律问题的人可能需要具有心律不齐的消融。这种治疗仔细地改变了导致心律问题的患病心脏组织。

Or they may have a device implanted, such as:

• a pacemaker to regulate the heart rate
• an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) to prevent a life-threatening abnormal heart rhythm

了解更多有关having a pacemaker implanted.

了解更多有关可植入的心脏逆转除颤器from the British Heart Foundation.

As a last resort, aheart transplantmay be necessary.

心脏破碎的综合症

有些经历了严重的情绪或身体压力的人，例如丧亲或大手术，继续遇到暂时的心脏问题。

心肌突然变得虚弱或“震惊”，导致左心室（心脏的主室之一）改变形状。这可能是由于压力时期的激素，尤其是肾上腺素的激增引起的。

The main symptoms are chest pain and breathlessness, similar to those of a heart attack. Always call 999 if you or someone else experiences these.

这种病在医学上被称为Takotsubo心肌病或急性应激心肌病 - 在女性中更为常见。这是暂时的和可逆的。它再次发生是不寻常的。

了解更多有关Takotsubo心肌病来自英国心肌病。