1.关于普萘洛尔
Propranolol belongs to a group of medicines called beta blockers. It's used to treat heart problems, help withanxiety和preventmigraines。
如果您有心脏问题，则可以将普萘洛尔带到：
- treat高血压
- 治疗导致心跳不规则的疾病（arrhythmia）， 喜欢atrial fibrillation
- 帮助预防未来的心脏病，心脏病和strokes
- 帮助防止胸痛引起心绞痛
如果您体内甲状腺激素过多（甲状腺毒性），普萘洛尔可以帮助减轻症状。通常您会用药物一起服用过度活跃的甲状腺。
This medicine is only available on prescription. It comes as tablets, slow release capsules, or as a liquid that you swallow.
2.关键事实
- 普萘洛尔会减慢您的心律，使您的心脏更容易在身体周围抽血。
- 它通常是针对高血压和其他心脏问题的规定，但也可以帮助焦虑的身体迹象，例如出汗和发抖。
- Your very first dose of propranolol may make you feel dizzy, so take it at bedtime. After that, if you do not feel dizzy, you can take it in the morning.
- The main side effects of propranolol are feeling dizzy or tired, cold hands or feet, difficulties sleeping and nightmares. These side effects are usually mild and short-lived.
3.谁可以也不能服用普萘洛尔
Most adults and children aged 12 and over can take propranolol. But it is not officially approved for treating high blood pressure in children under 12 years old.
Propranolol is not suitable for everyone. To make sure it's safe for you, tell your doctor before starting to take propranolol if you:
- 曾经对普萘洛尔或任何其他药物有过敏反应
- 有低血压or a slow heart rate
- 有心脏衰竭which is getting worse
- 有糖尿病
- 有肝或肾脏问题
- 有severe blood circulation problems in your limbs (such as雷诺的现象), which may make your fingers and toes tingle or turn paler than usual or blue
- 有metabolic acidosis, when there is too much acid in your blood
- 有lung disease or哮喘
- are pregnant, trying to get pregnant or breastfeeding
4. How and when to take propranolol
普萘洛尔是2种不同类型的药物：
- standard release – this releases propranolol into your body quickly, so you may need to take it several times a day depending on your dose
- 缓慢释放 - 这会缓慢释放药物，因此您不必经常服用，每天通常就足够
如果您每天服用一次，您的医生可能会建议您在睡前服用第一次剂量，因为它会让您感到头晕。第一次剂量之后，如果您不感到头晕，请在早上服用普萘洛尔。
Important
即使您感觉良好，也要继续服用普萘洛尔。您仍然会获得药物的好处。
Dosage and strength
普萘洛尔片的强度为10mg，40mg，80mg或160mg。缓慢释放的胶囊为80mg或160mg。液体的强度为5mg，10mg，40mg或50mg，5毫升。
How much you take depends on why you need propranolol.
The usual doses for adults and children over the age of 12 are:
- 高血压- 起始剂量通常为80mg，每天服用两次。如果这种剂量的工作不足以降低血压，您的医生每天可能两次将其增加到160mg
- migraine or angina (chest pain)- 40毫克，每天服用2或3次。每天可以增加到120mg至240mg。您的医生或药剂师将解释如何在一天中分裂剂量
- 心跳不规则（心律不齐）– 10mg to 40mg, taken 3 or 4 times a day
- anxiety- 每天服用一次40毫克，每天可以增加40毫克
- too much thyroid hormone (thyrotoxicosis)– 10mg to 40mg, taken 3 or 4 times a day
Doses are usually lower for people aged over 65 or people with a kidney or liver problem.
如果您的孩子不到12岁，他们需要普萘洛尔，您的医生通常会使用孩子的体重来解决正确的剂量。
How to take it
普萘洛尔通常不会使您的胃部不适，因此您可以在没有食物的情况下服用。最好每天做同样的事情。
用一杯水吞下整个片剂。如果您发现平板电脑难以吞咽，则有些品牌会有一条得分线，可以帮助您将平板电脑分为一半。检查您的品牌信息传单，以查看您是否可以做到这一点。
如果您要服用胶囊，请用一杯水吞下它们。不要打破，咀嚼或压碎它们。
If you're taking propranolol as a liquid, it will come with a plastic syringe or spoon to help you measure out the right dose. If you do not have one, ask your pharmacist for one. Do not use a kitchen teaspoon as it will not measure the right amount of medicine.
如果你忘了接受
If you forget to take a dose of propranolol, take it as soon as you remember, unless it's nearly time for your next dose. In this case, just leave out the missed dose and take your next dose at the usual time.
Never take 2 doses at the same time. Never take an extra dose to make up for a forgotten one.
如果您经常忘记剂量，则可能有助于设置警报以提醒您。您也可以向药剂师咨询其他方法，以帮助您记住服药。
If you take too much
过量的普萘洛尔会降低您的心律，并使其难以呼吸。它也会引起头晕和发抖。
The amount of propranolol that can lead to an overdose varies from person to person.
If you need to go toA&E，不要开车自己。让其他人开车或打电话给救护车。
Take the propranolol packet or leaflet inside it plus any remaining medicine with you.
5.副作用
像所有药物一样，普萘洛尔会在某些人中引起副作用，但是许多人没有副作用或仅较小的副作用。
副作用通常会随着身体习惯于药物而改善。
常见的副作用
这些常见的副作用发生在100人中有十分之一以上。它们通常是温和的和短暂的。
如果副作用困扰您或持续几天以上，请与您的医生或药剂师交谈：
- headaches
- 感到疲倦，头晕或虚弱
- 冷手指或脚趾
- 感觉或生病（恶心或呕吐）或腹泻
- stomach pain
Serious side effects
它很少发生，但是有些人在服用普萘洛尔时会产生严重的副作用。
立即告诉医生或联系111：
- 眼睛的白色变黄，皮肤变黄，尽管黑色皮肤上的棕色可能不太明显，否则您的皮肤可能不太明显，或者您的皮肤苍白或深色尿尿 - 这些可能是肝脏问题的迹象
- 您的流鼻血持续超过10分钟，无法解释的瘀伤，或者比平时更容易瘀伤 - 这些可能是血液中血小板数量少的迹象（血小板减少症）
Go to111.nhs.uk或打电话111。
需要立即采取行动：Call 999 or go to A&E now if:
- 咳嗽时，您的呼吸急促在运动时会变得更糟（例如走上楼梯），脚踝肿胀或腿部，胸痛或不规则的心跳 - 这些都是心脏问题的迹象
- you have shortness of breath, wheezing and tightening of your chest – these can be signs of lung problems
Serious allergic reaction
In rare cases, propranolol may cause a serious allergic reaction (过敏反应).
需要立即采取行动：Call 999 or go to A&E now if:
- you get a skin rash that may include itchy, red, swollen, blistered or peeling skin
- you're wheezing
- you get tightness in the chest or throat
- 你呼吸困难或说话
- 你的嘴，脸，嘴唇，舌头或喉咙开始肿胀
您可能会有严重的过敏反应，可能需要在医院立即治疗。
These are not all the side effects of propranolol. For a full list, see the leaflet inside your medicine packet.
6.如何应对普萘洛尔的副作用
What to do about：
- headaches- 确保休息并喝大量液体。尽量不要喝太多酒。请您的药剂师推荐止痛药。如果头痛持续超过一周或严重，请与您的医生交谈。
- 感到疲倦，头晕或虚弱- 随着您的身体习惯于普萘洛尔，这些副作用应逐渐消失。如果普萘洛尔让您感到头晕，请坐下或躺下，直到感觉好转为止。最好不要喝酒，因为它会让您感到更糟。在感觉好多之前，不要驾驶或骑自行车。
- 冷手指或脚趾– put your hands or feet under warm running water, massage them and wiggle your fingers and toes. Do not smoke or have drinks with caffeine in, as this can make your blood vessels narrower and further restrict blood flow to your hands and feet. Try wearing mittens (they're warmer than gloves) and warm socks. Do not wear tight watches or bracelets.
- 感觉或生病或腹泻- 坚持简单的饭菜，不要吃丰富或辛辣的食物。用餐或小吃后，将普萘洛尔带走可能有助于。喝很多液体，例如水或南瓜，以避免脱水。Take small, frequent sips if you're being sick. Signs of dehydration include peeing less than usual or having dark, strong-smelling pee. Do not take any other medicines to treat腹泻和呕吐without speaking to a pharmacist or doctor. If you服用避孕药，生病或严重腹泻，，，，your contraception may not protect you from pregnancy. Check the pill packet for advice.
- stomach pain– try to rest and relax. It can help to eat and drink slowly and have smaller and more frequent meals. Putting a heat pad or covered hot water bottle on your tummy may also help. If you are in a lot of pain, speak to your pharmacist or doctor.
7. Pregnancy and breastfeeding
普萘洛尔和怀孕
普萘洛尔在怀孕期间并不有害，但可能会影响您的婴儿在以后的怀孕期间的生长。讨论与您的医生或助产士一起服用普萘洛尔，因为您可能需要额外的扫描来检查宝宝的成长。
如果您想怀孕或已经怀孕，请与您的医生讨论服用普萘洛尔的好处和可能的伤害。怀孕期间可能还有其他更好使用的药物。
普萘洛尔和母乳喂养
如果您的医生或健康访客说您的宝宝很健康，可以在母乳喂养时服用普萘洛尔。
Propranolol passes into breast milk in tiny amounts. It has not been known to cause any side effects in breastfed babies.
重要的是要治疗高血压以保持健康。母乳喂养也会使您和您的宝宝受益。
如果您注意到您的宝宝不像往常一样喂食，或者似乎异常困倦，或者您对婴儿有其他担忧，请与您的医生或健康访客交谈。
Non-urgent advice:告诉您的医生，如果您是：
- trying to get pregnant
- 孕
- 哺乳
有关普萘洛尔在怀孕期间如何影响您和您的婴儿的更多信息，请访问在怀孕（BUMP）网站上最好使用药物。
8. Cautions with other medicines
There are some medicines that may affect the way propranolol works.
告诉您的医生，您是否正在服用：
- other medicines for high blood pressure. The combination with propranolol can sometimes lower your blood pressure too much. This may make you feel dizzy or faint. If this keeps happening to you, your doctor may change your dose
- other medicines for an irregular heartbeat such as amiodarone or flecainide
- other medicines which can lower your blood pressure. These include someantidepressants，硝酸盐（用于胸痛），baclofen（肌肉松弛剂），药物肿大的前列腺喜欢tamsulosin， 或者帕金森氏病medicines such as levodopa
- 哮喘or慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）medicines
- 糖尿病medicines, particularly insulin – propranolol may make it more difficult to recognise the warning signs of低血糖。如果您的血糖水平低，请与您的医生交谈，而没有得到任何通常的警告信号。锻炼后检查血糖，并遵循有关在开车，骑自行车或操作机械之前对其进行检查的建议
- medicines to treat nose or sinus congestion, or other cold remedies (including those you can buy in the pharmacy)
- medicines for allergies, such as ephedrine, noradrenaline or adrenaline
- 非甾体类抗炎药（NSAIDS）， 如布洛芬，，，，diclofenacor萘普生。These medicines may increase your blood pressure, so it's best to keep them to a minimum
将普萘洛尔与草药或补充剂混合
There's very little information about takingherbal remedies和普萘洛尔补充剂。它们的测试方式与药房和处方药相同。
Important:医学安全
告诉您的医生或药剂师，您是否正在服用其他药物，包括草药，维生素或补充剂。
9.关于普萘洛尔的常见问题
How does propranolol work?
Propranolol is a type of medicine called aβ 受体阻断药。
像其他β受体阻滞剂一样，普萘洛尔通过改变身体对某些神经冲动的反应方式（包括心脏中的神经冲动）来工作。它减慢了您的心律，使您的心脏更容易在身体周围抽血。
如果您将其用于焦虑，它的工作方式有所不同。当您焦虑时，您的大脑会使化学信使称为肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素。这些使您的心脏速度更快，使您出汗或摇动。普萘洛尔有助于阻止这些化学信使的影响。这减少了焦虑的身体迹象。
It's not fully understood how propranolol prevents migraines. It may work by relaxing the blood vessels involved, or by reducing activity in the visual cortex. This is the part of the brain where migraines are believed to start.
普萘洛尔需要多长时间工作？
Propranolol usually starts to work in a few hours.
对于心脏病或高血压，普萘洛尔最多需要一周才能达到其全部作用。您可能没有任何不同，但这并不意味着它不起作用。继续服药很重要。
For migraines, it can take several weeks for propranolol to start making a real difference, so keep taking it.
How long will I take it for?
这取决于您为什么要服用普萘洛尔。
对于心脏病或高血压，治疗通常是长期的，可能是您的余生。
For anxiety, you'll usually take propranolol for a short amount of time, to help with your physical symptoms. Speak to your doctor about the risks and benefits of taking it for more than a few months. This will depend on your symptoms, whether it's a one-off or a recurring problem, how well propranolol works for you and whether you get side effects.
For migraines, treatment can last for several months or years, depending on how bad your symptoms are.
Can I take propranolol for a long time?
普萘洛尔通常很长时间以来安全。
如果您要接受心脏病或预防偏头痛，那么长期服用它时，它最有效。
如果您要焦虑，那么几个月或几年来似乎没有任何持久的有害效果。但是，只要您需要，最好只服用普萘洛尔即可。
如果您要长时间服用偏头痛或焦虑，则需要定期检查血压。
What will happen if I stop taking it?
Talk to your doctor if you want to stop taking propranolol. If you're bothered by side effects, your doctor may be able to prescribe a different medicine instead.
Stopping propranolol suddenly may make your health problem worse. In addition, if you stop suddenly after taking it for a long time, you may get extra side effects as a reaction to stopping it. These include an irregular heart rate, sweating and shaking.
如果您停止服用普萘洛尔，将需要大约1到2天才能完全摆脱体内，但是副作用可以持续长达1周。
普萘洛尔与其他心脏药物相比如何？
普萘洛尔和其他beta阻滞剂用于降低血压。普萘洛尔和其他β受体阻滞剂之间的主要区别在于，它不仅会影响您的心脏。它也会影响身体的其他部位，例如肺部。
还有很多其他药物可以降低血压并治疗胸痛。他们以不同的方式与Beta阻滞剂一起工作，并包括：
- ACE抑制剂喜欢拉米普里和赖诺普利
- 血管紧张素受体阻滞剂喜欢candesartan
- calcium channel blockers likeamlodipine
- 使您更加撒尿的药物（利尿剂）速尿
Beta阻滞剂通常不是首选高血压。您的医生处方的药物取决于您的年龄和种族。
如果您不到55岁，而不是非洲加勒比海或黑人非洲起源，通常会提供ACE抑制剂或血管紧张素受体阻滞剂。
If you're 55 or older, or you're any age and of African Caribbean or black African origin, you'll usually be offered a calcium channel blocker.
Sometimes you may have to try other blood pressure-lowering medicines if you get side effects. Many people need to take a combination of different medicines to lower their blood pressure.
与其他药物预防偏头痛相比如何？
阿替洛尔，，，，metoprolol，，，，timolol and nadolol are allbeta阻滞剂和they work well in preventing migraines. However, most doctors prescribe propranolol.
There are some other medicines that are known to prevent migraines but they are not officially approved in the UK. They include阿米替林，，，，丙戊酸钠和加巴喷丁它们可能有不同的副作用。
托吡酯can also be used to prevent migraines. It works just as well as propranolol. However, topiramate has not been officially approved for migraine for children under the age of 16.
询问您的医生或药剂师哪种药物最适合您。
How does it compare with other medicines for anxiety?
Propranolol treats the physical symptoms of anxiety – for example, it stops your heart beating too fast. You'll usually only take propranolol for a short time.
焦虑的身体症状是由大脑化学失衡引起的。您的医生可能会开一种抗抑郁药sertraline治疗这些失衡。您通常长期服用抗抑郁药。
许多医生更喜欢无药治疗焦虑。这些包括说话疗法cognitive behavioural therapy。If you're having talking therapy, your doctor may prescribe propranolol at the same time. This will help you with your physical symptoms.
我需要在手术前停止服用普萘洛尔吗？
Tell your doctor that you're taking propranolol if you're going to be put to sleep using全身麻醉，或者您正在进行任何重大操作。
您的医生可能建议您在手术前停止服用普萘洛尔。这是因为当普萘洛尔与某些麻醉剂结合在一起时会降低血压过多。
我可以喝酒吗？
喝酒会增加普萘洛尔的降血作用，这会使您感到头晕或头晕。
在服用普萘洛尔或增加剂量后的头几天，最好停止喝酒，直到您看到药物如何影响您。
If you find propranolol makes you feel dizzy it's best to stop drinking alcohol.
Is there any food or drink I need to avoid?
除了小心酒精外，您还可以在服用普萘洛尔时正常饮食。
Eating a healthy, balanced diet can help if you have高血压或另一个心脏病。
它会让我体重吗？
有些人使用普萘洛尔的人说他们体重增加，尤其是在服用的头几个月中。众所周知，这是服用普萘洛尔的常见副作用，并且没有足够的信息可以肯定地说明为什么有些人体重。
例如，这可能是因为普萘洛尔可以使您感到疲倦，这可能会使您变得不那么活跃。它也可能影响身体使用能量的方式。
如果您担心使用普萘洛尔的体重，请与您的医生交谈。
这会影响我的避孕吗？
普萘洛尔不会停止您的避孕工作。
However, some types of hormonal methods of contraception, like thecombined pill和避孕补丁如果您要服用普萘洛尔或其他药物，通常不建议使用高血压。这是因为某些激素避孕药可以升高您的血压并阻止普萘洛尔正常工作。
Talk to your doctor if you're taking a hormonal contraceptive.
If propranolol makes you sick (vomit) or have severe diarrhoea for more than 24 hours, your contraceptive pills may not protect you from pregnancy. Look on the pill packet to find out what to do.
Read more about如果您服用药丸，生病或腹泻该怎么办。
Will it affect my fertility?
没有证据表明普萘洛尔会影响男性或女性的生育能力。
如果您想怀孕，或者在普萘洛尔时遇到麻烦，请与您的医生交谈。
这会影响我的性生活吗？
Some people on propranolol say their sex drive goes down and some men find they cannot get an erection. However, this is not a common side effect and there is not enough evidence to say for sure that propranolol is causing it.
If you're having problems with your sex life, talk to your doctor.
我需要避免参加运动吗？
You do not need to stop playing sports if you take propranolol. But do not push yourself too much.
Regular exercise is good for you because it lowers blood pressure by keeping your heart and blood vessels in good condition.
Be aware, though, that in some sports propranolol is not allowed if you're competing at a high level.
我可以开车或骑自行车吗？
Propranolol can make some people feel dizzy, especially when they first start taking it or after taking a bigger dose. If this happens to you, do not drive a car, ride a bike, or use tools or machinery.
如果您的安全驾驶能力受到影响，则驾驶汽车是一种冒犯。决定是否安全开车是您的责任。如果您有任何疑问，请不要开车。
Talk to your doctor or pharmacist if you're unsure whether it's safe for you to drive while taking propranolol.gov.uk拥有有关毒品法律和驾驶法律的更多信息。
生活方式改变可以帮助吗？
If you have heart problems, you can boost the health of your heart by making some key lifestyle changes. These changes will also help if you have高血压。
- Quit smoking – smoking increases your heart rate and blood pressure. Quitting smoking brings down your blood pressure and relieves heart failure symptoms. Try to avoid second-hand smoke too.
- 减少酒精 - 服用普萘洛尔时喝酒会使您感到头晕或头晕。随着时间的流逝，喝过多的酒精会升高血压，并使心力衰竭恶化。最好保持每周不超过14单位的酒精限制。一杯标准的葡萄酒（175毫升）为2个单位。一品脱的啤酒通常是2至3个单位的酒精。
- 锻炼 - 定期运动可以通过保持心脏和血管状况良好来降低血压。它不需要过于活力，每天走路会有所帮助。
- 吃得好 - 旨在吃包括大量水果和蔬菜，全麦，无脂或低脂乳制品和瘦蛋白的饮食。最好遵循这些技巧，以减少盐饮食。吃太多盐是高血压的最大原因。您吃的盐越多，血压就会越高。每天不超过6克盐。
- Deal with压力– when you're anxious or upset, your heart beats faster, you breathe more heavily and your blood pressure often goes up. This can make heart failure worse too. Find ways to reduce stress in your life. To give your heart a rest, try napping or putting your feet up when possible. Spend time with friends and family to be social and help avoid stress.
If you get severe headaches, there are steps you can take to help防止偏头痛。This includes working out what things trigger an attack so you can avoid them.