Antibiotics are used to treat or prevent some types of bacterial infections. They're not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu.
Antibiotics should only be prescribed to treat health problems:
- that are not serious but are unlikely to clear up without antibiotics – such asacne
- that are not serious but could spread to other people if not promptly treated – such as the skin infectionimpetigoor the sexually transmitted infectionchlamydia
- where evidence suggests that antibiotics could significantly speed up recovery – such as akidney infection
- that carry a risk of more serious complications – such ascellulitisorpneumonia
Learn aboutantibiotic resistance and why antibiotics are no longer routinely used to treat infections.
People at risk of bacterial infections
Antibiotics may also be recommended for people who are more vulnerable to the harmful effects of infection. This may include:
- people aged over 75 years
- babies less than 72 hours old who have a bacterial infection, or a higher than average risk of developing one
- people withheart failure
- people who have to take insulin fordiabetes
- people with a weakened immune system – either because of an underlying health condition such asHIVor as a side effect of certain treatments, such aschemotherapy
Antibiotics to prevent infection
Antibiotics are sometimes given as a precaution to prevent, rather than treat, an infection. This is called antibiotic prophylaxis. Situations where antibiotics are given as a preventive treatment include:
- if you're having an operation
- after a bite or wound that could get infected
- if you have a health problem that means you're at higher risk of infection, such as if you've had your spleen removed or you're having chemotherapy treatment
If you're having an operation
Antibiotics are normally recommended if you're having a type of surgery that carries a high risk of infection.
For example, you may be prescribed antibiotics if you're going to have:
- some types of eye surgery – such ascataract surgeryorglaucoma surgery
- joint replacement surgery
- breast enlargement surgery
- pacemaker surgery
- surgery to remove the gallbladder
- surgery to remove the appendix
Your surgical team will be able to tell you if you need antibiotics.
Bites or wounds
Antibiotics may be recommended for a wound that has a high chance of becoming infected – this could be ananimal or human bite, for example, or a wound that has come into contact with soil or faeces.
Medical conditions
Some people are particularly vulnerable to infection, making antibiotics necessary. They include:
- people who have had their spleen removed
- people having chemotherapy for cancer
- people withsickle cell anaemia
In some cases, antibiotics are prescribed for people who have an infection that keeps coming back or that's causing distress or an increased risk of complications, such as:
Page last reviewed: 11 November 2022
Next review due: 11 November 2025