Urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect your urinary tract, including your bladder (cystitis), urethra (urethritis) or kidneys (kidney infection). UTIs may be treated with antibiotics, but they're not always needed.

Check if it's a urinary tract infection (UTI)

Symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI) may include:

• 撒尿时疼痛或灼热感（排尿症）
• 晚上比平时需要撒尿的频率更高（Nocturia）
• pee that looks cloudy, dark or has a strong smell
• needing to pee suddenly or more urgently than usual
• needing to pee more often than usual
• blood in your pee
• 肋骨下面的下腹部疼痛或背部疼痛
• a high temperature, or feeling hot and shivery
• a very low temperature below 36C

孩子们

孩子们with UTIs may also:

• have a high temperature – your child is feeling hotter than usual if you touch their neck, back or tummy
• 通常看起来不适 - 婴儿和幼儿可能会烦躁，不喂食或不正确
• wet the bed or wet themselves
• be sick

年龄较大，脆弱的人或尿导管的人

In older, frail people who have problems with memory, learning and concentration (such as dementia), and people with a urinary catheter, symptoms of a UTI may also include:

• 行为的变化，例如作用激动或困惑（del妄）
• wetting themselves (incontinence) that is worse than usual
• new shivering or shaking (rigors)

GP的治疗

If a GP thinks you may have a urinary tract infection (UTI), they may do a urine test, although this is not always needed.

GP也可能：

• 提供自我护理建议并建议服用止痛药
• 给您一小段抗生素的处方
• give you a prescription for antibiotics, but suggest you wait for 48 hours before taking them in case your symptoms go away on their own

即使您开始感觉好些，也要服用您处方的所有药物也很重要。

GP的治疗for UTIs that keep coming back

If your UTI comes back after treatment, or you have 2 UTIs in 6 months, a GP may:

• 开一种不同的抗生素或开处方低剂量抗生素，最多需要6个月
• 如果您经历了更年期，开处方包含雌激素的阴道霜
• refer you to a specialist for further tests and treatments

In some people, antibiotics do not work or urine tests do not pick up an infection, even though you have UTI symptoms.

这可能意味着您有一个长期的（慢性）UTI，这不是当前的尿液测试来吸收的。向全科医生询问转介给专家以进行进一步的测试和治疗。

Long-term UTIs are linked to an increased risk of bladder cancer in people aged 60 and over.

Things you can do yourself

To help ease symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI):

• take 扑热息痛 up to 4 times a day to reduce pain and a high temperature – for people with a UTI, paracetamol is usually recommended over NSAIDs such as ibuprofen or aspirin
• 你可以给孩子 liquid paracetamol
• 休息并喝足够的液体，使您白天定期通过淡尿液
• 避免做爱

有些人每天服用膀胱炎或蔓越莓饮料和产品，以防止UTI发生，这可能会有所帮助。但是，没有证据可以帮助缓解症状或治疗UTI，如果感染已经开始。

A pharmacist can help with UTIs

You can ask a pharmacist about treatments for a UTI.

A pharmacist can:

• offer advice on things that can help you get better
• suggest the best painkiller to take
• 告诉您是否需要查看GP有关症状的信息

一些药房提供UTI管理服务。如果需要，他们可能会提供抗生素。

Causes of urinary tract infections (UTIs)

尿路感染（UTI）通常是由进入尿路的细菌引起的。

The bacteria enter through the tube that carries pee out of the body (urethra).

Women have a shorter urethra than men. This means bacteria are more likely to reach the bladder or kidneys and cause an infection.

Things that increase the risk of bacteria getting into the bladder include:

• having sex
• pregnancy
• conditions that block the urinary tract – such as肾结石
• conditions that make it difficult to fully empty the bladder – such as an  enlarged prostate在男人和constipation in children
• urinary catheters (a tube in your bladder used to drain urine)
• 免疫系统弱 - 例如，患有糖尿病的人或接受化学疗法的人
• not drinking enough fluids
• not keeping the genital area clean and dry

How to prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs)

There are some things you can try to help prevent a urinary tract infection (UTI) happening or prevent it returning.

防止某些尿路运动会回来的其他方法

如果您不断感染膀胱（膀胱炎), there's some evidence it may be helpful to take:

• D-mannose – a sugar you can buy as a powder or tablets to take every day
• cranberry products – available as juice, tablets or capsules to take every day

在怀孕期间服用任何这些之前，请与您的医生交谈。

请注意，D-甘露糖和蔓越莓产品可能含有大量糖。

If you're taking warfarin, you should avoid cranberry products.