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治疗-前列腺癌

前列腺癌的治疗将取决于您的个人情况。对于许多前列腺癌的人来说,无需治疗。

When treatment is necessary, the aim is to cure or control the disease so it affects everyday life as little as possible and does not shorten life expectancy.

有时,如果癌症已经扩散,目的不是治愈它,而是延长寿命并延迟症状。

Your cancer care team

癌症患者应由多学科团队(MDT)照顾。这是一支由专家组成的团队,共同努力提供最佳护理和治疗。

该团队通常由专业癌症外科医生,肿瘤学家(放射治疗和化学疗法专家),放射科医生,病理学家,放射线照相师和专科护士组成。

其他成员可能包括物理治疗师,营养师和职业治疗师。您可能还可以获得临床心理学支持。

在确定最适合您的治疗方法时,您的医生会考虑:

  • 癌症的类型和大小
  • 它是什么成绩
  • 您的一般健康
  • 癌症是否已扩散到身体的其他部位

良好的前列腺癌护理

您的MDT将能够推荐他们认为是最好的治疗选择,但最终决定是您的。

您应该能够与命名的专家护士讨论治疗方案和可能的副作用,以帮助您做出决定。

You should also be told about anyclinical trialsyou may be eligible for.

If you have side effects from treatment, you should be referred to specialist services (such as continence services) to help stop or ease these side effects.

前列腺癌风险组

前列腺癌can be categorised into one of 5 risk groups in the Cambridge Prognostic Group (CPG).

医生将研究年级组(也称为格里森评分),前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)水平和肿瘤阶段,以决定哪个CPG组为前列腺癌。

癌症的风险组将有助于确定需要哪种类型的治疗方法。

If prostate cancer is diagnosed at an early stage, the chances of survival are generally good.

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注意等待或主动监视

注意等待和active surveillance are different approaches to keeping an eye on the cancer and starting treatment only if it shows signs of getting worse or causing symptoms.

注意等待

当癌症不太可能影响其自然寿命时,通常建议对老年男性进行注意等待。

如果癌症处于早期阶段而不引起症状,您可能会决定延迟治疗并等待查看是否出现进行性癌症的任何症状。

如果您的总体健康状况意味着您无法接受任何形式的治疗,也可能建议您进行注意等待。

主动监视

主动监视旨在避免不必要的无害癌症治疗,同时仍为需要它的人提供及时的治疗。

主动监视涉及进行定期的PSA测试,MRI扫描和活检,以确保尽早发现任何进展迹象。

如果这些测试揭示了癌症正在发生变化或进展,则可以就进一步的治疗做出决定。

手术去除前列腺(根治性前列腺切除术)

A radical prostatectomy is the surgical removal of your prostate gland. This treatment is an option for curing prostate cancer that has not spread beyond the prostate or has not spread very far.

像任何手术一样,此手术会带来一些风险,例如尿失禁和勃起功能障碍。

在极少数情况下,手术后出现的问题可能是致命的。

It's possible that prostate cancer can come back again after treatment. Your doctor should be able to explain the risk of your cancer coming back after treatment, based on things like your PSA level and the stage of your cancer.

研究表明,前列腺去除手术后的放射疗法可能会增加治愈的机会,尽管仍在进行手术后应进行研究时进行研究。

在进行前列腺切除术后,您将不再在性爱期间射精。这意味着您将无法通过性交生孩子。

You may want to ask your doctors about storing a sperm sample before the operation so it can be used later forin vitro fertilisation (IVF).

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放疗

放疗involves using radiation to kill cancerous cells.

这种治疗方法是治愈前列腺癌的一种选择,该癌症尚未扩散到前列腺超出前列腺癌或未扩散。

放射疗法也可用于减慢前列腺癌的进展,而前列腺癌的扩散和缓解症状。

通常,您会在附近的医院接受放射治疗。它每周进行5天,通常为4到8周。

有副作用与放射疗法有关。

在接受放疗之前,您可能会接受激素治疗,以增加成功治疗的机会。

放射治疗后也可能建议进行激素治疗,以减少癌细胞返回的机会。

Short-term effects of radiotherapy can include:

  • 底部不适
  • 腹泻
  • pub
  • 疲倦
  • inflammation of the bladder lining, which can cause pain when peeing and needing to go more often(膀胱炎)

放疗的长期副作用可能包括勃起功能障碍(阳ot).

放疗is also slightly more likely than other treatments to cause moderate-to-severe back passage problems, such as diarrhoea, bleeding and discomfort.

It's possible that prostate cancer can come back again after treatment. Your doctor should be able to explain the risk of your cancer coming back after treatment, based on things like your PSA level and the stage of your cancer.

Some hospitals now offer new minimally invasive treatments if radiotherapy fails to work, sometimes as part of a clinical trial.

These new treatments are called brachytherapy, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and cryotherapy.

These treatments have fewer side effects, but the long-term outcomes are not yet known. There's a higher risk of complications from surgery in people who have previously had radiotherapy.

如果这些治疗不合适,通常使用药物来控制癌症。

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近距离放射治疗

近距离放射治疗is a form of radiotherapy where the radiation dose is delivered inside the prostate gland. It's also known as internal or interstitial radiotherapy.

The radiation can be delivered using a number of tiny radioactive seeds surgically implanted into the tumour. This is called low dose rate brachytherapy.

辐射也可以通过放置在前列腺内部的薄薄的空心针来传递。这称为高剂量率近距离放射治疗。

The idea behind this method is to deliver a high dose of radiation to the prostate while minimising damage to other tissues.

但是,尽管性功能障碍的风险是相同的,但尿液问题的风险比放射疗法更高。排便问题的风险略低。

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Hormone therapy

激素治疗通常与放射疗法结合使用。例如,在接受放疗之前,您可能会接受激素治疗,以增加成功治疗的机会。

It may also be recommended after radiotherapy to reduce the chances of cancerous cells returning.

仅激素治疗不能治愈前列腺癌。它可用于减慢晚期前列腺癌的进展并缓解症状。

激素控制前列腺中细胞的生长。特别是,前列腺癌需要激素睾丸激素才能生长。

激素治疗的目的是通过停止生产或阻止身体能够使用睾丸激素来阻止睾丸激素的影响。

Hormone therapy can be given as:

  • injections to stop your body making testosterone
  • 平板电脑阻止效果或减少睾丸激素的产生
  • a combination of both

激素治疗的主要副作用是由其对睾丸激素的影响引起的。当治疗停止时,它们通常会消失。

他们包括reduced sex driveerectile dysfunction(这在注射剂中比片剂更常见)。

Other possible side effects include:

  • 潮热
  • 出汗
  • weight gain
  • 乳房的肿胀和压痛

激素疗法的一种替代方法是手术去除睾丸(提供兰科切除术)。这不能治愈前列腺癌,而是通过去除睾丸激素来控制癌症的生长及其症状。

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前列腺(TURP)的尿道切除术

TURP is a procedure that can help relieve pressure from the tube that carries urine from your bladder out of your penis (urethra) to treat any problematic symptoms you may have with urination.

它无法治愈癌症。

在TURP期间,将末端带有环的薄金属线插入尿道,然后去除前列腺的碎片。

This is carried out under全身麻醉或脊柱麻醉(硬膜外).

了解有关TURP的更多信息

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)

HIFU有时用于治疗尚未扩散到前列腺以外的局部前列腺癌。

An ultrasound probe inserted into the bottom (rectum) releases high-frequency sound waves through the wall of the rectum.

这些声波通过将其加热到高温来杀死前列腺中的癌细胞。

HIFU副作用的风险通常低于其他治疗方法。

But possible effects can include erectile dysfunction or urinary incontinence. Back passage problems are rare.

瘘管在尿液系统和直肠之间形成异常通道的瘘管也很少见。

这是因为治疗仅针对癌症区域,而不是整个前列腺。

But HIFU treatment is still going through clinical trials for prostate cancer. In some cases, doctors can carry out HIFU treatment outside of clinical trials.

HIFU is not widely available and its long-term effectiveness has not yet been conclusively proven.

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冷冻疗法

冷冻疗法是一种通过冷冻癌细胞杀死癌细胞的方法。有时用来治疗尚未扩散到前列腺腺超过前列腺的局部前列腺癌。

将称为冷冻的小探针通过直肠壁插入前列腺。它们冻结了前列腺并杀死癌细胞,但一些正常细胞也死亡。

目的是杀死癌细胞,同时对健康细胞造成尽可能少的损害。

冷冻疗法的副作用可能包括:

  • erectile dysfunction
  • 失禁

冷冻疗法很少会引起瘘管或背部通道问题。

冷冻疗法is still undergoing clinical trials for prostate cancer. In some cases, doctors can carry out cryotherapy treatment outside of clinical trials.

It's not widely available and its long-term effectiveness has not yet been conclusively proven.

治疗晚期前列腺癌

如果癌症达到了高级阶段,则不再有可能治愈它。但是,有可能减缓其进展,延长您的寿命并缓解症状。

治疗选择包括:

  • 放疗
  • 激素治疗
  • 化学疗法

If the cancer has spread to your bones, medicines called bisphosphonates may be used. Bisphosphonates help reduce bone pain and bone loss.

化学疗法

化学疗法通常用于治疗传播到人体其他部位的前列腺癌(转移性前列腺癌)。

化学疗法通过干扰癌细胞的繁殖方式破坏了癌细胞。它不能治愈前列腺癌,但可以控制它以帮助您寿命更长的时间。

It also aims to reduce symptoms, such as pain, so everyday life is less affected.

化学疗法的主要副作用来自它如何影响健康细胞,例如免疫细胞。

他们包括:

  • 感染
  • 疲倦
  • 脱发
  • 嘴巴酸痛
  • 食欲不振
  • 感到恶心(恶心)
  • 生病(呕吐)

Many of these side effects can be prevented or controlled with other medicines that your doctor can prescribe.

类固醇

当激素治疗不再起作用时,使用类固醇片剂,因为癌症对其具有抗性。这被称为耐castration-抗性前列腺癌(CRPC)。

类固醇可用于试图缩小肿瘤并阻止其生长。最有效的类固醇治疗是地塞米松.

Other medical treatments

There are a number of new medicines that could be used if other types of hormone therapy and chemotherapy fail, or alongside other types of hormone therapy.

These include new types of hormone therapy such as abiraterone, apalutamide, darolutamide and enzalutamide. They work by stopping the body from producing testosterone, or blocking the effect of testosterone on prostate cancer cells. This can help delay the spread of prostate cancer.

您的医疗团队可以告诉您这些是否合适并且适合您。

决定治疗

您可能会决定不治疗前列腺癌,特别是如果您正处于治疗癌症的年龄,则不太可能显着延长预期寿命。

该决定完全是您的,您的护理团队将尊重它。

如果您决定不接受治疗,您的GP和医院团队仍然会给您提供支持和缓解疼痛。这被称为生命终结(姑息治疗)。

您的家人和朋友也可以提供支持。

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Page last reviewed: 18 October 2021
下一次审查应得:2024年10月18日