Skip to main content

Why vaccination is safe and important

疫苗是预防传染病的最有效方法。此页面说明了疫苗如何工作，它们所包含的内容以及最常见的副作用。

信息：

如果您正在寻找冠状病毒（COVID-19）疫苗接种信息，则可以阅读：

Video: vaccines - are they safe for my child?

In this video, a GP reassures a parent about vaccinations for her child.

媒体上次审查：2019年7月29日
媒体评论到期：2022年7月29日

Be aware of anti-vaccine stories

反疫苗的故事通常通过社交媒体在线传播。

They may not be based on scientific evidence and could put your child at risk of a serious illness.

Things you need to know about vaccines

Vaccines:

Do

  • 保护您和您的孩子免受许多严重且可能致命的疾病

  • 保护社区中的其他人 - 通过帮助阻止疾病传播给无法疫苗的人

  • undergo rigorous safety testing before being introduced – they’re also constantly monitored for side effects after being introduced

  • sometimes cause mild side effects that will not last long – some children may feel a bit unwell and have a sore arm for 2 or 3 days

  • reduce or even get rid of some diseases – if enough people are vaccinated

Don’t

  • do not cause autism – studies have found no evidence of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism

  • do not overload or weaken the immune system – it's safe to give children several vaccines at a time and this reduces the amount of injections they need

  • do not cause allergies or any other conditions – all the current evidence tells us that vaccinating is safer than not vaccinating

  • 不包含汞（硫代表）

  • 不要包含任何少量造成伤害的成分 - 但如果您有任何已知的过敏，例如鸡蛋或明胶

Why vaccines are important

疫苗接种是我们可以采取的最重要的事情，以保护自己和我们的孩子免受不良健康的影响。它们每年都可以防止全世界多达300万人死亡。

Since vaccines were introduced in the UK, diseases like smallpox, polio and tetanus that used to kill or disable millions of people are either gone or seen very rarely.

自引入疫苗以来，其他麻疹和白喉等疾病降低了99.9％。

但是，如果人们停止接受疫苗，传染病可能会再次迅速传播。

信息：

The World Health Organization (WHO) has listed vaccine hesitancy as one of the biggest threats to global health.

Vaccine hesitancy is where people with access to vaccines delay or refuse vaccination.

Measles and mumps in England

Measles and mumps are starting to appear again in England, even though the MMR vaccine is safe and protects against both diseases.

Measles and mumps cases have nearly doubled in recent years:

英格兰的麻疹和腮腺炎病例

How many measles and mumps cases there were in England in 2016 and 2018.
Year Measles Mumps
2016 530 573
2018 970 1061

这是严重的，因为麻疹会导致威胁生命的并发症，例如脑膜炎，腮腺炎会导致听力损失。

重要的：Important

If 95% of children receive the MMR vaccine, it's possible to get rid of measles.

However, measles, mumps and rubella can quickly spread again if fewer than 90% of people are vaccinated.

How vaccines work

疫苗教您的免疫系统如何创建保护您免受疾病的抗体。

It's much safer for your immune system to learn this through vaccination than by catching the diseases and treating them.

Once your immune system knows how to fight a disease, it can often protect you for many years.

Herd immunity

疫苗也通过“畜群免疫”使您的整个社区受益。

如果有足够的人接种疫苗，这种疾病很难传播给那些不能疫苗的人。例如，生病或免疫系统弱的人。

信息：

Read more about herd immunity and who it protects on the Oxford University Vaccine Knowledge Project website

Why vaccines are safe

对所有疫苗进行彻底测试，以确保它们不会伤害您或您的孩子。

It often takes many years for a vaccine to make it through the trials and tests it needs to pass for approval.

一旦在英国使用了疫苗，它还可以通过监测药品和医疗保健产品监管机构（MHRA）.

任何人都可以通过黄牌方案.

信息：

Read about how vaccines are licensed, tested and monitored on the Oxford University Vaccine Knowledge Project website

谁不能疫苗

There are very few people who cannot have vaccines.

Generally, vaccines are only not suitable for:

免疫系统减弱的人（例如，由于癌症治疗或健康状况）也可能无法接受一些疫苗。

如果您不确定自己或您的孩子是否可以接种疫苗，请与GP，练习护士，健康访客或药剂师联系。

Side effects of vaccination

疫苗接种的大多数副作用是轻度的，并且不会持续很长时间。

疫苗接种最常见的副作用包括：

  • 针头看起来红色，肿胀并感到有点酸痛的区域2至3天
  • babies or young children feeling a bit unwell or developing ahigh temperaturefor 1 or 2 days

Some children might also cry and be upset immediately after the injection. This is normal and they should feel better after a cuddle.

Allergic reactions

It's rare for anyone to have a serious allergic reaction to a vaccination. If this does happen, it usually happens within minutes.

接种您或您的孩子的人将接受培训以应对过敏反应并立即对待它们。通过及时的治疗，您或您的孩子将康复。

阅读父母的疫苗接种技巧，包括疫苗接种后的期望

Non-urgent advice:Speak to your GP or practice nurse if:

  • you're worried about you or your child having a vaccine
  • 您不确定您或您的孩子是否可以接受疫苗

您也可以向健康访客询问您对疫苗的任何问题。

What's in a vaccine?

Most people are not concerned about vaccine ingredients and know that they are safe.

The main ingredient of any vaccine is a small amount of bacteria, virus or toxin that's been weakened or destroyed in a laboratory first.

这意味着没有健康的人从疫苗中感染疾病的风险。这也是为什么您可能会看到疫苗被称为“现场”或“杀死”疫苗的原因。

What's the difference between a live or killed vaccine?

Live and killed vaccine comparison

Live and killed vaccine comparison
现场疫苗（弱）疫苗 Killed (destroyed) vaccines
Contain viruses or bacteria that have been weakened Contain viruses or bacteria that have been destroyed
Cannot be given to people with a weakened immune system Can still be given to people with a weakened immune system
提供长期保护 通常需要几剂或加强疫苗才能得到全面保护

Other vaccine ingredients

Vaccines sometimes contain other ingredients that make the vaccine safe and more effective.

There's no evidence that any of these ingredients cause harm when used in such small amounts.

Aluminium (adjuvant)

Is it safe?

Adjuvants are added to vaccines in very small amounts, which have been shown to be safe. They might cause minor reactions, such as a small temporary lump or redness at the injection site.

我们一直与铝接触。它自然而然地发现：

  • almost all foods
  • 饮用水
  • breast milk
  • baby formula milk

它也用于药物，例如抗酸剂和食品包装。

Although small amounts of aluminium from these everyday sources can build up in the body, they're not believed to be harmful to our health. Our bodies do not use aluminium and it's gradually eliminated in our pee.

There's no evidence that the levels of aluminium we come across every day increase the risk of conditions like dementia or autism.

The amount of aluminium used in killed vaccines is very, very small. No harmful effects have been seen with vaccines that contain an aluminium-based adjuvant.

What is it?

Aluminium is a very common metal that's been used safely in vaccines for more than 70 years.

Most killed vaccines contain a very small amount of aluminium-based adjuvant to:

  • 帮助提高我们的免疫反应
  • make the vaccine more effective and long-lasting
  • 减少疫苗所需的抗原量
  • 有时减少需要给予的剂量的数量
Squalene oil (adjuvant)

Is it safe?

Adjuvants are added to vaccines in very small amounts, which have been shown to be safe.

They might cause minor reactions, such as a small temporary lump or redness at the injection site.

What is it?

Squalene oil is the adjuvant added to thetrivalent flu vaccinefor adults aged 65 and over.

它来自鱼油，并在流感疫苗中被高度纯化。

将佐剂添加到一些疫苗中：

  • 帮助提高我们的免疫反应
  • make the vaccine more effective and long-lasting
  • 减少疫苗所需的抗原量
  • 有时减少需要给予的剂量的数量
Pork gelatine

Is it safe?

There have been a small number of allergic reactions to vaccines containing gelatine. Speak to your doctor first if you have a known allergy to gelatine.

Some religious groups, such as Muslims and Jews, may be concerned about using vaccines containing gelatine from pigs. But many faith group leaders have stated the use of gelatine in vaccines is acceptable and does not break any religious rules.

Read this NHS leaflet about vaccines and porcine gelatine

What is it?

Gelatine derived from pigs is used as a stabilising agent in some vaccines to:

  • help protect vaccines from the effects of heat or freeze-drying
  • 帮助保持疫苗的保质期

The only vaccines containing gelatine in the UK routine vaccination schedule are:

  • the shingles vaccine
  • the children's nasal flu vaccine
  • 1 of the 2 types of MMR vaccine
人血清白蛋白和重组白蛋白

他们安全吗？

Yes, they are considered safe. Human serum albumin used in vaccines comes from screened blood donors. The manufacturing process ensures there is no risk of transmitting any diseases.

重组白蛋白不含任何人类或动物产品。

What are they?

Human serum albumin is a substance from human blood. It's used to stabilise a chickenpox vaccine called Varilix and maintain its quality during storage.

Recombinant albumin is produced by cells, such as yeast cells, that have had the gene for human albumin inserted into them.

The cells are then able to generate large quantities of human serum albumin without any need to extract it from human blood.

Recombinant albumin may be used in very small amounts as a stabiliser in 1 of the MMR vaccines used in the UK (MMRVaxPro).

Egg protein

Is it safe?

Children and adults with a severe egg allergy can safely receive the MMR vaccine.

建议患有卵过敏的儿童和成年人有：

  • 无卵的灭活流感疫苗
  • a vaccine with a very low egg protein (ovalbumin) content

The live nasal spray flu vaccine given to children has a very low egg protein content. It can be safely given to children with an egg allergy.

Children and adults who have previously had a very severe allergic reaction to eggs may be advised to have their flu vaccine in a hospital.

What is it?

There are 2 vaccines in the UK routine schedule that contain small amounts of egg protein:

  • 流感疫苗 - 在母鸡的鸡蛋上生长。它可能会引发卵过敏的人的过敏反应
  • the MMR vaccine – which is grown on cells from chick embryos, which is not the same as hens' eggs. This means it does not trigger an allergic reaction
甲醛

Is it safe?

在我们的血液中，甲醛的水平远高于我们在疫苗中的暴露水平。

尽管甲醛在高浓度上可能是有害的，但对疫苗中少量的少量尚无健康问题。

What is it?

甲醛是一种化学物质，也用于生产杀死的疫苗。它在制造过程的早期就用来杀死或使细菌或病毒的毒素失活。

Once the antigens are inactivated, the formaldehyde is diluted out. It's possible that trace amounts may remain in the final vaccine.

抗生素

他们安全吗？

If you know you're allergic to neomycin or any other antibiotic, speak to your doctor or practice nurse before having a vaccine.

抗生素known to cause allergic reactions, such as penicillin, are generally not used in vaccines.

But tiny amounts of an antibiotic called neomycin, which is capable of triggering an allergic reaction, are found in:

  • the MMR vaccine
  • 6-in-1 vaccine
  • 四价灭活流感疫苗
  • 4-in-1 pre-school booster vaccine Repevax
  • shingles vaccine

What are they?

将抗生素添加到一些疫苗中，以防止在疫苗的生产和储存过程中细菌的生长。

抗生素can only be found in tiny amounts in the final vaccine.

A full list of any vaccine's ingredients is available on the electronic medicines compendium (emc) website

信息：

在牛津大学疫苗知识项目网站上阅读有关特定疫苗成分的更多信息

页面上次审查：2019年7月30日
下一次审查应得：2022年7月30日

Back to Vaccinations

疫苗接种