治疗-滥用酒精

滥用酒精的治疗选择取决于您的饮酒程度以及您是否试图减少饮酒（适度）或完全放弃饮酒（禁欲）。

Brief intervention

If you are worried about your drinking or have had an alcohol-related accident or injury, you may be offered a short咨询会议称为简短干预。

短暂的干预持续约5至10分钟，并涵盖与您的饮酒方式相关的风险，有关减少饮酒量的建议，可用的酒精支持网络以及饮酒周围的任何情感问题。

可能建议保留“饮酒日记”，以便您记录多少units of alcohol你喝一周。您可能还会为您提供有关社交饮酒的提示，例如与朋友外出时，与酒精饮料交替使用。

节制与禁欲

Moderation or abstinence are treatment options if you're:

• 定期每周喝超过14个单位
• 遇到与酒精直接相关的健康问题
• unable to function without alcohol (alcohol dependency)

Cutting alcohol out completely will have a greater health benefit. However, moderation is often a more realistic goal, or at least a first step on the way to abstinence.

Ultimately, the choice is yours, but there are circumstances where abstinence is strongly recommended, including if you:

• 有肝损害，例如肝病或者肝硬化
• 还有其他医疗问题，例如心脏病，可以通过喝酒而变得更糟
• 正在服用可能与酒精反应不佳的药物，例如抗精神病药
• are孕或者planning to become pregnant

如果您以前未成功进行节制，也可能建议禁欲。

If you choose moderation, you'll probably be asked to attend further counselling sessions so your progress can be assessed, and further treatment and advice can be provided if needed.

你也可能有规律血液检查so the health of your liver can be carefully monitored.

排毒和戒断症状

If you're dependent on alcohol to function, it's recommended you seek medical advice to manage your withdrawal.

有些人可能会开处方药，以帮助戒酒。您还可以选择参加自助小组，接受扩展的咨询或使用诸如认知行为疗法（CBT）之类的讲话疗法。

Where detox is carried out

How and where you attempt detoxification will be determined by your level of alcohol dependency. In mild cases, you should be able to detox at home without the use of medication as your withdrawal symptoms should also be mild.

如果您的酒精消耗很高（每天超过20套），或者您以前经历了戒断症状，​​则您也可以在家中用药物排毒以帮助缓解戒断症状。通常用于此目的的称为氯氮卓氮杂氧化物的镇静剂。

It is dangerous to take chlordiazepoxide along opiate-based medicines, such as methadone, or illegal opiate drugs, such as heroin. Doing so can lead to severe breathing difficulties, coma, and even death.

如果您的依赖性很严重，则可能需要去医院或诊所排毒。这是因为戒断症状也将很严重，可能需要专业治疗。

Withdrawal symptoms

您的戒断症状将在最初的48小时内处于最糟糕的状态。随着您的身体开始适应没有酒精，它们应该逐渐开始改善。这通常是从上次饮料开始的3到7天。

您还会发现您的睡眠受到干扰。您可能在夜间醒来几次，或者有问题入睡。这是可以预期的，您的睡眠方式应在一个月内恢复正常。

During detox, make sure you drink plenty of fluids (about 3 litres a day). However, avoid drinking large amounts of caffeinated drinks, including tea and coffee, because they can make your sleep problems worse and cause feelings of188新利app。水，南瓜或果汁是更好的选择。

Try to eat regular meals, even if you're not feeling hungry. Your appetite will return gradually.

如果您服用药物来缓解戒断症状，​​则不得开车。您还应该获得有关操作重型机械工作的建议。你需要告诉DVLAif you have an alcohol problem – failure to do so could result in a fine of up to £1,000.

It's likely the medication will make you feel drowsy. Only take your medication as directed.

排毒可能是一个压力很大的时期。您可以尝试缓解压力的方法包括阅读，听音乐，散步和洗澡。阅读更多有关压力管理。

If you're detoxing at home, you'll regularly see a nurse or another healthcare professional. This might be at home, your GP practice, or a specialist NHS service. You'll also be given the relevant contact details for other support services should you need additional support.

从酒精中提取是克服与酒精有关的问题的重要第一步。但是，戒断本身并不是一种有效的治疗方法。从长远来看，您需要进一步的治疗和支持。

酒精依赖的药物

A number of medications are recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) to treat alcohol misuse. These include:

• 囊酸
• 二硫仑
• 纳曲酮
• nalmefene

Acamprosate

Acamprosate (brand name Campral) is used to help prevent a relapse in people who have successfully achieved abstinence from alcohol. It's usually used in combination with counselling to reduce alcohol craving.

丙糖酸酯通过影响称为γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）的大脑中的化学水平来起作用。GABA被认为是诱使渴望酒精的部分原因。

If you're prescribed acamprosate, the course usually starts as soon as you begin withdrawal from alcohol and can last for up to 6 months.

Disulfiram

如果您试图实现禁欲，可以使用二硫仑（品牌Antabuse），但担心您可能会复发，或者您以前的复发。

Disulfiram works by deterring you from drinking by causing unpleasant physical reactions if you drink alcohol. These can include:

• 恶心
• 胸痛
• vomiting
• dizziness

除酒精饮料外，重要的是要避免所有酒精来源，因为它们也可能引起不愉快的反应。可能包含酒精的产品包括：

• 须后水
• mouthwash
• 某些类型的醋
• 香水

您还应该尝试避免散发含酒精烟雾的物质，例如油漆稀释剂和溶剂。

如果您在服用二硫仑后一周就与酒精接触一周，您将继续感到不愉快的反应，因此在这段时间内保持禁欲很重要。

When taking disulfiram, you'll be seen by your healthcare team about once every 2 weeks for the first 2 months, and then every month for the following 4 months.

Naltrexone

纳曲酮可用于防止复发或限制饮料的酒精量。

It works by blocking opioid receptors in the body, stopping the effects of alcohol. It's usually used in combination with other medicine or counselling.

如果建议使用纳曲酮，则应让您意识到它也会阻止含有阿片类药物（包括吗啡和可待因）的止痛药。

如果您在服用Naltrexone时感到不适，请立即停止服用，并向您的GP或护理团队寻求建议。

尽管有时可能更长，但纳曲酮的过程可以持续长达6个月。

Nalmefene

Nalmefene(brand name Selincro) may be used to prevent a relapse or limit the amount of alcohol someone drinks.

它通过阻止大脑中的阿片类药物受体来起作用，从而减少了对酒精的渴望。

Nalmefenemay be recommended as a possible treatment for alcohol dependence if you've had an initial assessment and:

• you're still drinking more than 7.5 units a day (for men) or more than 5 units a day (for women)
• you don't have any physical withdrawal symptoms
• 您无需立即停止饮酒或实现完全禁欲

仅当您获得支持以帮助您减少酒精摄入并继续治疗时，才应采取纳米芬。

Therapy for alcohol dependency

自助小组

Many people who have alcohol dependency problems find it useful to attend self-help groups, such as酗酒者匿名（AA）。

AA背后的主要信念之一是，酒精依赖是长期的，进行性疾病，完全禁欲是唯一的解决方案。

AA促进的治疗计划基于12步计划，旨在帮助您克服您的瘾。

这些步骤包括承认您对酒精无能为力，并且您的生活变得难以管理，承认您的行为错误，并在可能的情况下与伤害的人进行修改。

阅读更多有关the匿名酗酒者的12个步骤和alcohol support。

12-step facilitation therapy

12步促进疗法基于AA设计的计划。不同之处在于，您与辅导员而不是在小组中一对一地在阶段进行工作。

如果您感到不安或不愿意在小组环境中讨论您的问题，则该疗法可能是您首选的治疗选择。

认知行为疗法（CBT）

认知行为疗法（CBT）is a talking therapy that uses a problem-solving approach to alcohol dependence.

The approach involves identifying unhelpful, unrealistic thoughts and beliefs that may be contributing towards your alcohol dependence, such as:

• “没有酒，我不能放松。”
• "My friends would find me boring if I was sober."
• “只喝一品脱就不会受伤。”

一旦确定了这些思想和信念，您将鼓励您的行为基于更现实和有用的想法，例如：

• “很多人都没有酒，我可以成为其中之一。”
• “我的朋友喜欢我的个性，而不是为了喝酒。”
• "I know I can't stop drinking once I start."

CBT also helps you identify triggers that can cause you to drink, such as:

• stress
• 社交焦虑
• 在“高风险”环境中，例如酒吧，俱乐部和餐馆

您的CBT治疗师将教您如何避免某些触发器并有效应对那些不可避免的触发因素。

Family therapy

Alcohol dependence doesn't just impact on an individual – it can also affect a whole family. Family therapy provides family members with the opportunity to:

• learn about the nature of alcohol dependence
• 支持试图戒酒的家庭成员

还可以为家庭成员提供支持。与滥用酒精的人同住可能会感到压力，因此接受支持通常会非常有帮助。

有许多专业的酒精服务为有依赖酒精的人的亲戚和朋友提供帮助和支持。

例如，al-anon是一个隶属于AA的组织，为亲戚和朋友提供帮助和支持。它的机密热线供索号为020 7403 0888（每年365天，上午10点至晚上10点）。

阅读更多有关不同的types of talking therapies。

Drinking diary

如果您的目标是调节饮酒，则可能会要求您保留“饮酒日记”。

每天都记下：

• all the alcoholic drinks you've had
• what time you had them
• where you were
• how many units you drank – you can use the酒精更换英国单位计算器to work this out

这将使您了解您喝了多少酒精，喝酒的情况以及如何开始减少。