在一生中，我们都遇到了许多病毒和细菌。
此页面是关于可能导致怀孕问题，症状以及如果您担心该怎么办的感染。
怀孕的水痘
Chickenpox怀孕的感染对您和您的婴儿都可能危险，因此，如果您认为可能有水痘，请尽早寻求建议。
您有90％的机会免疫水痘感染。但是，如果您从未有水痘（或者您不确定是否有），并且与这样做的孩子或成人接触，请立即与您的GP，Obstentrician或Midwife交谈。血液检查将找出您是否免疫。
CMV in pregnancy
CMV (cytomegalovirus) is a common virus that's part of the herpes group, which can also cause cold sores and chickenpox. CMV infections are common in young children.
Infection can be dangerous during pregnancy as it can cause problems for unborn babies, such as hearing loss, visual impairment or blindness, learning difficulties and epilepsy.
CMV is particularly dangerous to the baby if the pregnant mother has not had the infection before.
It's not always possible to prevent a CMV infection, but you can reduce the risk by:
- 定期用肥皂和热水洗手，尤其是如果您正在换尿布或在托儿所或日托中心工作
- 不要亲吻脸上的幼儿 - 最好亲吻他们或给他们一个拥抱
- not sharing food or cutlery with young children, and not drinking from the same glass as them
如果您有一份使您与幼儿接触的工作，这一点尤其重要。在这种情况下，您可以进行血液检查，以找出您以前是否已感染了CMV。
Group B streptococcus in pregnancy
B组链球菌（GBS或B组链球菌）rarely causes harm or symptoms.
在大多数怀孕中，这不会引起任何问题，但是在少数情况下，B组链球菌通常会在分娩前或分娩过程中感染婴儿。
If you've already had a baby who had a GBS infection, you should be offered antibiotics during labour to reduce the chances of your new baby getting the infection. You should also be offered them during labour if you've had a group B strep urinary tract infection during the pregnancy.
如果：
- 你进入早产(before 37 weeks of pregnancy)
- 你的水早点破裂
- you have a fever during labour
- you currently carry GBS
您的助产士或医生将评估是否应在劳动期间提供抗生素，以保护您的婴儿免受感染。
可以在怀孕后期对GBS进行测试。如果您有疑问，请与您的医生或助产士交谈。
动物传播的感染
Cats
Cat faeces may contain toxoplasma – an organism that causestoxoplasmosis。弓形虫病会伤害您的宝宝。
To reduce the risk of infection:
- 怀孕时避免清空猫垃圾托盘
- 如果没有其他人可以清空垃圾托盘，请使用一次性橡胶手套 - 应每天清洁托盘
- 避免与生病的猫密切接触
- even if you do not have a cat, wear gloves if gardening in case the soil is contaminated with faeces
- 园艺后洗手和手套
- if you do come into contact with cat faeces, wash your hands thoroughly
- follow general food hygiene rules – see how to prepare food safely and how to store food safely
羊
Lambs and sheep can carry an organism that is known to cause miscarriage in ewes. They also carry toxoplasma.
避免羔羊或挤奶母羊，以及所有与新生儿羔羊接触。告诉您的医生，如果您与绵羊接触后是否会出现类似流感的症状。
猪
正在进行研究，以了解猪是否可以成为丙型肝炎感染的根源。如果您怀孕，这种感染是危险的。
Prevent infections by:
- 彻底烹饪肉类和肉类产品
- 避免吃生肉或煮熟的肉和贝类
- 在准备，食用和吃食物之前彻底洗手
肝炎b
肝炎bis a virus that infects the liver. Many people with hepatitis B will show no sign of illness, but they can be carriers and may infect others.
该病毒通过与感染者发生性关系而无需使用避孕套而传播，并通过直接接触感染的血液。如果您患有丙型肝炎或在怀孕期间感染，则可以在出生时将感染传递给婴儿。
You'll be offered a blood test for hepatitis B as part of your antenatal care. Babies who are at risk should be given the hepatitis B vaccine at birth to prevent infection and serious liver disease later on in life.
丙型肝炎
The丙型肝炎病毒感染肝脏。许多患有丙型肝炎的人没有症状，并且没有意识到自己的感染。该病毒是通过与感染血液直接接触传播的。
In people who take illegal drugs, this can be a result of sharing blood-contaminated needles.
People who received a blood transfusion in the UK prior to September 1991, or blood products prior to 1986, may also be at risk.
丙型肝炎也可以通过在丙型肝炎很常见并且感染控制可能很差的国家或与感染伴侣发生性关系的国家中接受医疗或牙科治疗。
如果您患有丙型肝炎，则可以将感染传递给您的婴儿，尽管这种风险远低于乙型肝炎或HIV。目前无法预防这一点。
您的宝宝可以接受丙型肝炎的测试，如果被感染，可以将其引用以进行专业评估。
怀孕的疱疹
Genital herpesinfection can be dangerous for a newborn baby.
You can get herpes through genital contact with an infected person or from oral sex with someone who has cold sores (oral herpes).
Initial infection causes painful blisters or ulcers on the genitals. Less severe outbreaks usually occur for some years afterwards.
如果您的第一次感染发生在怀孕中，则可以使用治疗。如果您的第一次感染发生在怀孕结束或分娩过程中，则剖腹产可能建议降低将疱疹传递给宝宝的风险。
If you or your partner have herpes, use condoms or avoid sex during an outbreak. Avoid unprotected oral sex as herpes is very easy to pass on.
告诉您的助产士或医生，您或您的伴侣是否经常出现疱疹或发展疮。
怀孕的艾滋病毒
You'll be offered a confidential艾滋病毒（人类免疫缺陷病毒）作为常规产前护理的一部分测试。您的助产士或医生将与您讨论测试，如果结果为正面，将提供咨询。
Read more about screening for HIV in pregnancy
Current evidence suggests that if you're HIV positive, in good health and without symptoms of the infection you're unlikely to be adversely affected by pregnancy.
但是，在怀孕，出生，母乳喂养或胸部喂养期间，艾滋病毒可以传给您的婴儿。
If you're diagnosed with HIV, you and your doctor will need to discuss the management of your pregnancy and birth to reduce the risk of infection for your baby.
Treatment in pregnancy greatly reduces the risk of passing on HIV to the baby – from 1 in 4 to fewer than 1 in 100. Your baby will be tested for HIV at birth and at regular intervals for 18 months.
You'll be advised not to breastfeed or chestfeed, as HIV can be transmitted to your baby in this way.
如果您的艾滋病毒阳性，请与您的医生或助产士谈谈您自己的健康以及对您开放的选择。您也可以联系组织Positively UK或者Terrence Higgins Trust以获取信息和支持。
视频：艾滋病毒和怀孕
该视频探讨了莎拉关于艾滋病毒和怀孕的故事。
Media review due: 16 November 2023
怀孕时拍打的脸颊综合症
拍打的脸颊综合征is common in children. It typically causes a rash on the face.
拍打的脸颊综合征具有高度感染力，可能对婴儿有害。
如果您与受感染的任何人接触，则应与您的医生交谈，他们可以进行血液检查以检查您是否免疫。在大多数情况下，如果您拍打脸颊综合症，婴儿不会受到影响。
怀孕的风疹（德国麻疹）
风疹is rare in the UK thanks to the high uptake ofMMR（麻疹，腮腺炎和风疹）疫苗接种。
But if you develop rubella in the first 4 months of pregnancy, it can lead to serious problems, including birth defects and miscarriage.
If you're pregnant, you should contact your GP or midwife as soon as possible if:
- 您与有风疹的人接触
- you have a rash or come into contact with anyone who does
- 你有风疹的症状
在这种情况下，您不太可能有风疹，但是您可能需要进行验血检查。
如果您怀孕了，不确定您是否有2剂MMR疫苗，请要求GP练习检查您的疫苗接种病史。
如果您没有同时服用剂量或没有记录，则在出生后进行6周后检查时，应要求疫苗。这将在以后的任何怀孕中保护您。
MMR vaccine cannot be given during pregnancy.
STIs in pregnancy
性传播感染通常没有症状，因此您可能不知道是否有症状。但是，许多性传播感染在怀孕期间和出生后都会影响您的婴儿的健康。
如果您有任何理由相信您或您的伴侣可能会有性传播感染，请尽快进行检查。您可以询问GP或助产士。如果您愿意，可以去性健康诊所。保证机密性。
If you're under 25, you can also visit aBrook centrefor free confidential advice. You may also be able toorder a free chlamydia test online。
寨卡病毒
The寨卡病毒如果您在怀孕时捕获，可能会导致出生缺陷。特别是，它可能导致婴儿的头部异常小（小头畸形）。
Zika does not naturally occur in the UK. Seek travel health advice before your trip if you plan to go to an affected area, such as:
- 南美洲或中美洲
- 加勒比
- 东南亚
- the Pacific region – for example, Fiji
怀孕期间，建议您推迟非必需的前往高风险区域。
还建议您避免在旅行时和返回英国后3个月内怀孕。
Zika is spread by mosquitoes. You can reduce your risk of mosquito bites by using insect repellent and wearing loose clothing that covers your arms and legs.