女性灭菌-您的避孕指南

女性灭菌is an operation to permanently prevent pregnancy. The fallopian tubes are blocked or sealed to prevent the eggs reaching the sperm and becoming fertilised.

根据所使用的方法，您要么有一个全身麻醉, where you're asleep during surgery, orlocal anaesthetic，在哪里醒着，但不会感到任何痛苦。

关于女性绝育的事实

• 女性灭菌is more than 99% effective at preventing pregnancy.
• You do not have to think about protecting yourself against pregnancy every time you have sex, so it does not interrupt your sex life.
• It does not affect your hormone levels and you'll still have periods.
• 您需要使用避孕措施，直到您进行操作，直到下一个阶段或手术后3个月（取决于灭菌的类型）。
• 与任何手术一样，发生并发症的风险很小，例如内部出血，感染或对其他器官的损害。
• There's a small risk that the operation will not work. Blocked tubes can rejoin immediately or years later.
• 如果操作失败，这可能会增加子宫外植入受精卵的风险（异位妊娠）.
• 灭菌很难逆转，因此您需要确保它适合您。
• Sterilisation does not protect against性传播感染（ETI）, so you may need to use condoms as well.

How it works

女性灭菌works by preventing eggs travelling down the fallopian tubes, which link the ovaries to the womb (uterus).

这意味着女人的鸡蛋无法满足精子，因此无法发生施肥。

Eggs will still be released from the ovaries as normal, but they'll be absorbed naturally into the woman's body.

如何进行女性灭菌

外科医生将通过两者来阻止您的输卵管（输卵管闭塞）：

• applying clips – plastic or titanium clamps are closed over the fallopian tubes
• applying rings – a small loop of the fallopian tube is pulled through a silicone ring, then clamped shut
• 捆绑，切割和拆除一小块输卵管

This is a fairly minor operation and many women return home the same day.

Tubal occlusion procedure

The surgeon accesses your fallopian tubes by making a small cut either near your belly button（腹腔镜）or just above your pubic hairline (a mini-laparotomy).

然后，他们将插入一个带有光和相机（腹腔镜）的长而薄的仪器，以清楚地看到您的输卵管。

A laparoscopy is usually used because it's faster, but a mini-laparotomy may be recommended for women who:

• 最近进行了腹部或骨盆手术
• areobese
• 有历史盆腔炎，一种可能影响子宫和输卵管的细菌感染

然后，通过施加夹子或环，或绑住，切割和去除一小块试管来阻止输卵管。

去除管子（分式切除术）

If blocking the fallopian tubes has not worked, the tubes may be completely removed. This is called a salpingectomy.

绝育适合我吗？

Almost any woman can be sterilised, but it should only be considered by women who do not want any more children or do not want children at all.

一旦您进行了消毒，就很难将其扭转，因此在做出决定之前，请考虑所有选择。

Sterilisation reversal is not usually available on the NHS.

You may be more likely to be accepted for the operation if you're over 30 and have had children.

您可能还想考虑which method of contraception suits you，例如长效可逆避孕（LARC），例如植入物，装置或注射。

在操作之前

您的GP可能会推荐咨询在转介您进行灭菌之前。

咨询将使您有机会详细讨论操作，并讨论您可能遇到的任何疑问，担心或问题。

如果您有合作伙伴，请在决定之前与他们讨论。如果可能的话，您都应该同意该程序，但要获得伴侣的许可不是法律要求。

Your GP can refuse to carry out the procedure or refuse to refer you for it if they do not believe it's in your best interests.

If the GP agrees with your decision, they'll refer you to a female reproductive specialist (gynaecologist) for treatment at your nearest NHS hospital.

You'll need to use contraception until the day of the operation and right up until your next period after surgery if you're having your fallopian tubes blocked.

Sterilisation can be performed at any stage in your menstrual cycle.

在进行手术之前，您将进行妊娠测试以确保您没有怀孕，因为一旦您进行了消毒，就有很高的风险异位.

手术后恢复

一旦您从麻药, been to the toilet and eaten.

如果您在手术后数小时内离开医院，请乘坐出租车或请亲戚或朋友接您。

在医院治疗您的医疗保健专业人员会告诉您期望什么以及手术后如何照顾自己。

如果您有任何问题或问题，他们可能会给您一个联系电话。

如果您有一般麻醉，请在48小时后不要驾驶汽车。即使您感觉良好，您的反应时间和判断也可能不会恢复正常。

How you will feel

It's normal to feel unwell and a little uncomfortable if you have had a general anaesthetic, and you may have to rest for a few days.

根据您的一般健康和工作，您通常可以在输卵管闭塞后5天重返工作岗位，但要避免繁重的举重约一周。

您可能会有一些阴道出血。使用卫生毛巾，而不是卫生棉条，直到停止。

You may also feel some pain, like period pain. You can take painkillers for this.

如果疼痛或出血恶化，请尝试与治疗您，GP或NHS 111的专家联系。

Caring for your wound

如果您有输卵管闭塞，您将被缝线受伤，外科医生进行了切割。

除非使用可溶解的缝线，否则需要在后续约会中删除这些针迹。

如果您的伤口上有敷料，则通常可以在手术后的第二天删除此。之后，您将可以洗澡或淋浴。

Having sex

Your sex drive and sex life should not be affected. You can have sex as soon as it's comfortable to do so after the operation.

If you had tubal occlusion, use additional contraception until your first period to protect yourself from pregnancy.

Sterilisation does not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), so you may need to use condoms.

女性绝育的优点和缺点

Advantages:

• more than 99% effective at preventing pregnancy
• blocking the fallopian tubes and removal of the tubes should be effective immediately – but use contraception until your next period
• it will not affect your sex drive or interfere with sex
• it will not affect your hormone levels

缺点：

• 它不能防止性传播感染，因此您可能需要使用避孕套
• 它不能轻易逆转，逆转操作很少由NHS资助
• 它可能会失败 - 输卵管可以重新加入并使您再次肥沃，尽管这很少见
• 并发症的风险很小，包括内部出血，感染或其他器官损害
• if you get pregnant after the operation, there's an increased risk it'll be an异位妊娠

Where to get more information on sterilisation

You can get more information on sterilisation from:

• GP手术
• 避孕诊所
• 性健康或生殖医学（GUM）诊所
• 一些年轻人的服务

找到性健康诊所.